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Background and aim: One of the important roles of education is to train civil workforces who are able to establish a creative relation with others. Learner and the educator’s interaction is a prerequisite factor for learning that facilitates the learning process. This study aimed to investigate the students' incivility from the views of students and faculties in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted during the second (spring) semester of the academic year of 2016. Through the consensus sampling, the inventory of Incivility in Higher Education (IHE) was sent to all faculty members whom 74 teachers returned. In addition, through stratified-random sampling, 540 students completed the same and equivalent instrument. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics of independent t-test and (One-way ANOVA) were used in SPSS (v.24).
Results: The mean and standard deviation of the students and faculty members’ attitude score about students’ incivility behaviors were 2.97±0.35 and 3.05±0.61, respectively. Accordingly, the mean experience score of students and the faculty members were 2.50±0.35 and 3.08±0.48, respectively. The difference between students’ and faculty members’ attitude regarding students’ uncivil behaviors was statistically significant (p<0.001). In contrast, the difference score between students and teachers’ experience about students’ uncivil behaviors wasn’t statistically significant (p=0.21).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, students and faculty members experience a moderate rate of incivility from students. Therefore, interventions are necessary to improve the behaviors of the students through educational courses regarding professionalism, academic behaviors, ethics, communication skills and socialization.

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Background & aim: Workplace incivility is one of the destructive behaviors in any organization, especially in the organizations providing health services. The purpose of this study was to assess the perceived incivility among nurses working in four educational-hospitals affiliated to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS).
Methods: This study was a descriptive-correlational design. Study population were all nurses working in educational hospitals in the city of Ardabil. Through a consensus sampling approach, the Guidroz's “Incivility in Workplace Questionnaire” was given to all nurses working hospitals affiliated to ARUMS and 600 out of 900 nurses returned the completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software.
Results: 500 persons (83.3%) from 600 nurses participating in the study were female. The findings showed that perceived incivility among nurses originates from physicians (3.63±0.94), patient-family (2.99±0.85), general incivility (2.80±0.75), head nurses or supervisors (2.75±0.85), and other nursing colleagues (2.71±0.69). In addition, the differences between the mean scores of perceived incivility between these five sources were statistically significant (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, nurses experience incivility from various sources especially from physicians and patients. So, it is necessary for hospital managers to address and resolve the uncivil behaviors through continuous education, role clarification, and improving the nursing’s image in the society.
 

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Background & Aim: Drug therapy is an important part of the patient's care process which its proper and safe observance is of standard emphasis and its neglecting may give rise to errors and unrecoverable complications for the patient. Evaluation of medication error is necessary for error management and providing safe care to patients. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of medication error and its reporting in nurses of the intensive care units in Ardabil.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 208 nurses of intensive care units selected by census method in Ardabil city in 2017. The data gathering tool was a revised Medication Error Questionnaire of Joolaei and colleagues which analyzed by descriptive statistics and statistical tests including Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS-22 software.
Results: Data analysis showed that 86.4% of nurses had at least one medication error in the last 6 months. The mean of errors during this period was 3.6 cases per nurse, 2.68% of the errors led to physical injury and 19.46% of them was reported by the nurses to unit heads. The mean of error report was 0.7 cases for each nurse. The most common types of medication errors were included giving medication early or delayed (41.1%), not giving the prescribed medication (37.7%) or giving several oral medications together (30.9%).
Conclusion: The results of the study indicate a high prevalence of medication error and, at the same time, a low level of error reporting. Therefore, it is recommended to hold rehearsal classes in relation to pharmacology and the principles of proper implementation of drug orders, to adopt management solutions to encourage nurses to report drug errors and to investigate the causes of the mismatch of the error report with the error rate and the factors influencing it.

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Background & Aim: Understanding the nurse’s perception of care behaviors and determining factors affecting it are the first step in correcting inappropriate behaviors and improving the quality of nursing care. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of "determining the care behaviors and its determinants from nurses' point of view in Ardabil educational hospitals ".
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with 450 nurses working in Ardabil educational hospitals in 2017 in which the stratified random sampling method was used. Data-gathering tool was a standard three-part questionnaire on demographic characteristics, Wolf caring behaviors and the determinants of nursing care behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and analytical (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Multivariate Regression Analysis) statistics in SPSS V21 software.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of nurses' caring behaviors (5.27±0.24) were at the optimum level. From nurses' point of view, physical dimension of care (5.43±0.7) was more important than psychosocial dimension (5.17±0.6) (p=0.001). The most and the least important caring behaviors for nurses were medication (5.58±0.44) and patient's calling with her favorite name (4.20±0.86), respectively. Mean scores of caring behaviors in female nurses (5.26±0.7) were more than males (4.97±0.54) (p=0.001). The most important factor influencing nurses' caring behaviors was the responsibility (4.49±1.01) and the least important factor was related to patient's characteristics (3.50±1.1).
Conclusion: The results showed that nurses' care behaviors were in the desired level and focused on the physical aspect of care. Therefore, in order to provide patient satisfaction, nurses should pay attention to both dimensions of caring behaviors (physical and psychosocial). It is suggested that psychosocial care should be emphasized in nursing in-service training.

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Background & aim: Considering the increasing trend of elderly population in recent years and the fact that oral health is an integral part of general health, this study aimed to assess the oral health status and its related quality of life among elderly people living in hospices under support of Ardabil’s welfare organization.
Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 144 elderly people over 60 years old, living in hospices, were included in the study. A questionnaire was used for data collection with three parts: Demographic form, World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Assessment Form, and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14Per). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one sample T-test, ANOVA and linear regression in SPSS version 24.
Results: The results of one-sample T-test showed that the elderly in Ardabil have an inappropriate status in all aspects of oral health-related quality of life (p<0.05). In addition, regression analysis found a significant relationship between oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in elderly people (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the elderly people living in hospices under the supervision of Ardabil’s welfare organization are in a poor status regarding oral health and oral health-related quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary for healthcare providers to pay more attention to this group regarding their oral health and quality of life.
 

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Background & aim: Practical exams are frequently used in the training and evaluation of medical students. One of these exams is Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The present study aimed to explaining the factors affecting the success of the nursing students in OSCE exam.
Method: This research was designed to pursue a qualitative approach following content Analysis. 11 undergraduate nursing students participated in this study with mean age of 24±3.5 years. Elo & Kyngas (2008) method was used to analyze the data. To help the data analysis, the MAXQDA 10 software was used.
Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of two main categories and 8 general categories: facilitators of success in the exam with general categories (previous experiences, peer learning, personal characteristics and managerial readiness) and barriers to success in the exam with general categories (uncertainty in running exam, test giant, clinical training method and Inattention and lack of motivation).
Conclusion: The present study is one of the first studies to explain the factors affecting the success of nursing students' in OSCE exam. According to the results of this study, many factors, including individual, group and educational conditions in the faculty and hospital are effective in the success in OSCE exam. According to the results of the study, the officials of nursing schools should try to minimize the obstacles to the success in OSCE exam in the next years, and on the other hand, strengthen the facilitators, so that the students and colleges benefit the most from OSCE exam.

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Background & aim: Improving learning effectiveness in nursing education is of particular importance. Various methods are used to improve learning effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two methods, a slide-based lecture videocast and a handout, on learning and satisfaction of nursing students.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design without pretest was used to conduct this study during the second semester of the 2016–2017 academic year at Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. The study sample consisted of 54 nursing students studying in their third semester. The health assessment course which consisted of 10 sessions, were randomly divided into two groups. After the first 5 sessions (Group 1) of lectures and PowerPoint presentations in the class, a handout was given to students. At the end of the next 5 sessions (Group 2) of lectures and PowerPoint presentations in the class, video files of lectures screen recordings were made available to the students. Multiple-choice questions were used to evaluate learning outcome at the end of the semester. The student satisfaction form was used to evaluate students’ satisfaction with the teaching-learning process. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Independent T, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U) using SPSS v15.
Results: Data analysis showed that the average learning outcome score in handout offered sessions was significantly higher than in videocast ones (p<0.001). In addition, the mean score of students’ satisfaction for handout and videocast were 39.18±5.86 and 39.81±6.32, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.39).
Conclusion: Although slide-based lecture videos did not improve student learning as much as handouts, it is recommended to provide and offer the video lectures to the students during each class session in addition to the traditional learning methods such as handouts and books.