Journal of Health And Care
Volume 25, Issue 3 (Autumn 2024)
JHC 2024, 25(3): 292-302 |
Back to browse issues page
Ethics code: IR.IAU.CTB.REC.1401.099
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Nazari khakshor L, Dalir M. Comparing the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Neurofeedback in Reducing Depression in People with a History of Covid-19. JHC 2024; 25 (3) :292-302
URL: http://hcjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-1457-en.html
URL: http://hcjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-1457-en.html
Department of Clinical Psychology, South of Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (256 Views)
Background & aim: The spread of coronavirus not only threatens physical health but also negatively affects the mental health of society. The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and neurofeedback in reducing depression in people with a history of Covid-19.
Methods: The current research method was quasi-experimental with a multi-group pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population included all depressed people with a history of Covid-19 who visited counseling clinics in Tehran during the first 6 months of 1401. Among the mentioned population, 45 people were selected by convenience sampling method and a simple randomization was used to divide them into three groups of 15 people as the neurofeedback treatment group, schema therapy group and control group. They answered the Beck’s depression questionnaire in two stages: pre-test and post-test. Analysis of covariance using SPSS-25 software was used to analyze the data.
Results: Results showed that the depression scores of the intervention groups in the post-test compared to the pre-test were significantly reduced, and this rate was higher in the schema therapy group than in the neurofeedback group (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Based on the results, both schema therapy and neurofeedback methods can help to reduce depression in people with a history of Covid-19, although it appears that schema therapy has been more effective. Therefore, these two treatments can be used to improve the mental health of the society
Methods: The current research method was quasi-experimental with a multi-group pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population included all depressed people with a history of Covid-19 who visited counseling clinics in Tehran during the first 6 months of 1401. Among the mentioned population, 45 people were selected by convenience sampling method and a simple randomization was used to divide them into three groups of 15 people as the neurofeedback treatment group, schema therapy group and control group. They answered the Beck’s depression questionnaire in two stages: pre-test and post-test. Analysis of covariance using SPSS-25 software was used to analyze the data.
Results: Results showed that the depression scores of the intervention groups in the post-test compared to the pre-test were significantly reduced, and this rate was higher in the schema therapy group than in the neurofeedback group (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Based on the results, both schema therapy and neurofeedback methods can help to reduce depression in people with a history of Covid-19, although it appears that schema therapy has been more effective. Therefore, these two treatments can be used to improve the mental health of the society
Type of Study: article |
Subject:
Psychiatric Nursing
Received: 2023/03/7 | Accepted: 2023/09/10 | Published: 2024/01/30
Received: 2023/03/7 | Accepted: 2023/09/10 | Published: 2024/01/30
References
1. Raude J, Mccoll K, Flamand C, Apostolidis T. Understanding health behavior changes in response to outbreaks: findings from a longitudinal study of a large epidemic of mosquito-borne disease. Social Science & Medicine. 2019;230:184-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.009] [PMID]
2. Shah K, Kamrai D, Mekala H, Mann B, Desai K, Patel RS. Focus on mental health during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: applying learnings from the past outbreaks. Cureus. 2020;12(3):1-12. [DOI:10.7759/cureus.7405]
3. Abdi M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Iran: actions and problems. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2020;41(6):754-55. [DOI:10.1017/ice.2020.86] [PMID] []
4. Sabri B, Hartley M, Saha J, Murray S, Glass N, Campbell JC. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on women's health and safety: a study of immigrant survivors of intimate partner violence. Health Care for Women International. 2020;41(11):1294-312. [DOI:10.1080/07399332.2020.1833012] [PMID] []
5. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2020;87:18-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031] [PMID] []
6. Bucciarelli V, Nasi M, Bianco F, Seferovic J, Ivkovic V, Gallina S, et al. Depression pandemic and cardiovascular risk in the COVID-19 era and long COVID syndrome: gender makes a difference. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022;32(1):12-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.tcm.2021.09.009] [PMID] []
7. Smith L, Jacob L, Yakkundi A, McDermott D, Armstrong NC, Barnett Y, et al. Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents. Psychiatry Research. 2020;291:113-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113138] [PMID] []
8. Patel KR, Immaneni S, Singam V, Rastogi S, Silverberg JI. Association between atopic dermatitis, depression, and suicidal ideation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2019;80(2):402-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.063] [PMID]
9. Peeters N, van Passel B, Krans J. The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: a systematic review and research agenda. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2022;61(3):579-97. [DOI:10.1111/bjc.12324] [PMID] []
10. Fassbinder E, Arntz A. Schema therapy with emotionally inhibited and fearful patients. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2019;49(1):7-14. [DOI:10.1007/s10879-018-9396-9]
11. Joshua PR, Lewis V, Kelty SF, Boer DP. Is schema therapy effective for adults with eating disorders? a systematic review into the evidence. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2023;52(3):213-31. [DOI:10.1080/16506073.2022.2158926] [PMID]
12. van Dijk SD, Bouman R, Folmer EH, den Held RC, Warringa JE, Marijnissen RM, et al. (Vi)-rushed into online group schema therapy-based day-treatment for older adults by the COVID-19 outbreak in the Netherlands. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020;28(9):983-88. [DOI:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.028] [PMID] []
13. Trambaiolli LR, Kohl SH, Linden DE, Mehler DM. Neurofeedback training in major depressive disorder: a systematic review of clinical efficacy, study quality and reporting practices. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;125:33-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.015] [PMID]
14. Matsuzaki Y, Nouchi R, Sakaki K, Dinet J, Kawashima R. The effect of cognitive training with neurofeedback on cognitive function in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare. 2023;11(6):843-49. [DOI:10.3390/healthcare11060843] [PMID] []
15. Chandan JS, Taylor J, Bradbury-Jones C, Nirantharakumar K, Kane E, Bandyopadhyay S. COVID-19: a public health approach to manage domestic violence is needed. The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(6):e309. [DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30112-2] [PMID]
16. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E15-25. [DOI:10.1148/radiol.2020200490] [PMID] []
17. Dalir M. The role of obsessive beliefs including responsibility, perfectionism, and importance of thoughts in sleep quality. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal. 2020;9(1):1-8 [Persian].
18. Delavar A. Research Method in Psychology and Educational Sciences. 5th edition. Tehran: Virayesh Publisher; 2022 [Persian].
19. Jackson-Koku G. Beck depression inventory. Occupational Medicine. 2016;66(2):174-75. [DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqv087] [PMID]
20. Dobson KS, Mohammadkhani P. Psychometric properties of the BDI-II in a sample of patients with major depression disorder. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2007;8(2):80-86.
21. Mozamzadeh T, Gholamrezai S, Rezaei F. The effect of schema therapy on severity of depression and suicidal thoughts in patients with resistant to depression. Armaghane Danesh. 2018;23(2):253-66 [Persian].
22. Oraki M. The effectiveness of the schema therapy on depression and relapse in heroin-dependent individuals. Iranian Journal of Health Psychology. 2019;2(1):9-18 [Persian].
23. Ahovan M, Jajarmi M, Bakhshipoor A. Comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotional schema therapy on emotion regulation of individuals with obsessive compulsive symptoms. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2021;14(4):239-45. [DOI:10.30699/ajnmc.28.3.239]
24. Groot IZ, Venhuizen AS, Bachrach N, Walhout S, de Moor B, Nikkels K, et al. Design of an RCT on cost-effectiveness of group schema therapy versus individual schema therapy for patients with Cluster-C personality disorder: the QUEST-CLC study protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):637. [DOI:10.1186/s12888-022-04248-9] [PMID] []
25. Alizadeh G, Kordnoghabi R, Rashid K, Gholizadeh Z. The impact of upper alpha neurofeedback training on executive functions of the female students of Kurdistan University with academic burnout syndrome and depression symptoms. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2018;8(30):163-88 [Persian].
26. Fernández-Álvarez J, Grassi M, Colombo D, Botella C, Cipresso P, Perna G, Riva G. Efficacy of bio-and neurofeedback for depression: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. 2022;52(2):201-16. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291721004396] [PMID] []
27. Kwan Y, Yoon S, Suh S, Choi S. A randomized controlled trial comparing neurofeedback and cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia patients: pilot study. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2022;47(2):95-106. [DOI:10.1007/s10484-022-09534-6] [PMID]
28. Brandtner A, Antons S, King DL, Potenza MN, Tang YY, Blycker GR, et al. A preregistered, systematic review considering mindfulness-based interventions and neurofeedback for targeting affective and cognitive processes in behavioral addictions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2022;29(4):379-86. [DOI:10.1037/cps0000075]
29. Amirahmadi M, Razeghi N, Aghaee H. Comparing the effectiveness of neurofeedback and schematherapy on symptoms of depression in depressed women in Tehran. Neuropsychology. 2016;1(3):97-114 [Persian].
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |